"OFFER" (Proposal): As per Law of Contract (1872):

Key Points:

1. Meaning of OFFER (Proposal)
2. Definition of OFFER (Proposal)
3. Elements of an Offer
4. Types of Offer
5. Lapse & Revocation of an Offer
6. Invitation to offer
7. Important Points to Remember

 

Link : https://smckk14.blogspot.com/2022/05/void-agreements-under-indian-contract.html

1. Meaning of OFFER (Proposal):

The journey of a contract starts from offer.

Offer + Acceptance = Agreement

Agreement + Enforceability by Law = Contract

To form a contract there must be an offer by one person and that offer must be accepted by another person for exchange of goods and/or services.

The person who makes offer is called "Offeror or Promisor". And the person who accepts the offer is called "offeree or Promise or Acceptor".

2. Definition of OFFER (Proposal):

Section 2(a) - "When one person signifies to another person his willingness to do or abstain from doing anything with a view to obtaining the assent of that other person to such an act or abstinence, he is said to make a Proposal".

Section 2(b) - "When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. Proposal when accepted becomes a Promise".

Offer is more than a promise because it is made with the understanding that what is being agreed will be legally binding.

Ex. - Sale of goods, Performance of service, Promise not to engage in any activity.

The offeror must express his willingness to do or not to do an act. Only willingness is not sufficient. Offer can be negative or positive and both are valid offers.

3. Elements of an Offer:

(i) There must be Two Parties -

There must be at least two persons, a person to make the offer and the other person to accept the offer. Here, legal persons as well as artificial persons are also included.

(ii) Offer must be Communicated - (Lalman Shukla Vs. Gauri Dutt)-

An offer is valid if it is conveyed to the offeree. Communication must be express or implied.

Section 4 – "Communication of an offer is complete when it comes to the knowledge of the person to whom it is made".

Ex. - Rajesh offers his Activa to Vishal for ₹ 30000/- by writing a letter. Once Vishal receives the letter, the communication is complete.

(iii) Offer must create legal relationship -

Offer must be of such nature that if accepted will become a contract. Social, Domestic, Religious, Personal offers can't be said offers because if such invitation are accepted, they won't create legal relationship.

Ex- Aditya invites his friend Shreyash to dinner and Shreyash accepts the invitation. It is a social invitation and if Aditya fails to provide dinner, he won't be legally liable.

(iv) Offer must be clear and definite -

Terms & conditions of the offer must be certain and clear to create contract because if there is no clarity the Court won't be able to decide what the parties wanted to do.

Ex. - Akash offers Ravi to sell fruits worth ₹ 500/-. This is not a valid offer because what type of fruits or what quantity are not mentioned.

4. Types of Offer:

(i) Express Offer -

An offer made by the words written or spoken is "Express Offer".

Ex. - Ananya says to Alka "Will you purchase my watch for ₹1000/-?”

Ananya writes a letter to Alka "Will you purchase my watch for ₹ 1000/-?”

(ii) Implied Offer -

An offer made by actions, conduct or circumstances is "Implied Offer".

Ex.- Going to Barber's Shop, Going to travel by bus or train etc.

(iii) General Offer -

An offer made to the public is "General Offer". Any person from public can accept the offer and have the right to consideration.

Ex. - Shubham makes an advertisement in the paper that whosoever finds his missing mark sheets will be rewarded with ₹10000.

(iv) Specific Offer -

An offer made for acceptance of any specific person or group of persons to whom it is made and not by anyone else, is specific offer.

Ex. - Ashok offers to sell his house for ₹10 Lakhs to Bala.

A clothe stores offers to give 20% discount on school uniform to the students of Sunshine Public School.

(v) Cross Offer - 

When the persons make the same offer at same time to each other, is called "Cross Offer". In this case, Cross Offer will not amount to accepting the offer.

Ex. - Rakesh sends letter to sell his car to Ramesh for ₹ 2 Lakhs on 10th Sep.2020 and Ramesh sends letter to Rakesh to buy his car for ₹ 2 Lakhs on 10th Sep. 2020. This is Cross Offer.

(vi) Counter Offer - 

A Counter Offer is an answer given to the original offer. It means that the original offer has been refused and replaced by another offer.

Ex. - Anil offers to sell his shop to Mukesh for ₹ 20 Lakhs. Instead of accepting, Mukesh gives offer to Anil to purchase his shop for ₹18 Lakhs.

5. Lapse & Revocation of an Offer:

(i) An offer lapses after a specified or reasonable time

(ii) An offer lapses by not being accepted in specified mode.

(iii) An offer lapses by rejection.

(iv) An offer lapses by the offeror’s or offeree's death or insanity until acceptance.

(v) An offer lapses by the revocation before acceptance.

(vi) An offer lapses by subsequent illegality or destruction of subject matter.

6. Invitation to offer:

An invitation to offer is an indication of willingness to deal or trade and statements that purely provide information without intending to make an offer, are not offers.

"Offer" is defined in Section 2(a) but "Invitation to offer" is not defined in Indian Contract Act.

(i) Shop Displays, Catalogues & Advertisement -

These are invitation to offer. The offer is made when the customer takes the item to the counter and acceptance is the shopkeeper selling the item to the customer.

An advertisement, catalogue & shop display are treated as invitation to a customer to make an offer and not as an offer. The Courts say that a business might not have sufficient stock to fulfill the demand and that it would not be reasonable for a customer to expect for sale.

In addition Courts have held that an advertisement is an offer for a unilateral contract that can be revoked at the desire of the offeror before its performance.

(ii) Auction Sale –

In auction sale, the auctioneer's call for bids is an invitation to offer. Where a bid is made, it is an offer from the bidder to the buyer at the price offered. The auctioneer may then either accept or reject the offer on behalf of the Principal.

(iii) Online Auction - 

Online auctions like e-bay create binding contracts because the online sites create a framework for the auction in which the buyer and the seller were willing participants.

(iv) Tenders - 

Tenders are usually regarded as an invitation to the offer. A person submitting tender makes the offer and there is no contract until the person who called for tender accepts the tender.

7. Important Points to Remember:

(i) An offer made can be revoked at any time before the communication of its acceptance is complete but not afterwards.

(ii) The offeror can withdraw his offer before it is accepted.

Ex. - X offers to sell his house to Y for ₹ 20 Lakhs through a letter sent by post. X may revoke his offer at any time before or at the moment when Y posts his letter of acceptance but not afterwards. Y may revoke his acceptance at any time before or at the moment when Y posts his letter of acceptance but not afterwards.

(iii) Communication of the offer is not valid and not completed until it is consented by the other person and accepted by him.

(iv) Communication must be done in some usual and reasonable manner.

(v) When one person says that he desires to do something, this doesn’t mean that he will do something. So, it will not be an offer.

(vi) The major difference between OFFER and INVITATION TO OFFER is that the purpose of the OFFER is to create a contract while purpose of INVITATION TO OFFER is to receive an offer to create a contract.

Ex. - Piyush in a shop sees a packet of chocolate with price tag of ₹ 100 in the shop of Manish. Piyush tells Manish that he wants to buy that chocolate and offers him ₹ 100. Manish says that he doesn’t want to sell that chocolate. In this case there is no contract at all and the price tag is not an offer but an invitation to offer. It is on the desire/ discretion of the shopkeeper whether he wants to sell or not.

CASE LAW- HARVEY Vs. FACEY (1893)

(vii) Advertisements are generally Invitation to Offer. (CASE LAW- Partridge Vs. Crittenden-1968)

(viii) However in some cases an advertisement can amount to an offer. (CASE LAW- Carlill Vs. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. -1892)

(ix) The Cash Depositing Machine represents the offer and inserting the Cash into the Machine is acceptance. (CASE LAW- Thornton Vs. Shoe Lane Parking-1971)

OFFER & ACCEPTANCE:

VOID AGREEMENTS UNDER INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872 (भारतीय अनुबंध अधिनियम, 1872 के तहत व्यर्थ ठहराव)

 "VOID AGREEMENTS UNDER INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872"

Key Points:

1. Introduction of Void Agreements.
2. Void agreements as per sections.
   (i) According to Section 11.
   (ii) According to Section 20.
   (iii) According to Section 23.
   (iv) According to Section 25.
   (v) According to Section 26.
   (vi) According to Section 27.
   (vii) Exception for Section 27.
   (viii) According to Section 28.
   (ix) Exception for Section 28.
   (x) According to Section 29.
   (xi) According to Section 30.
    (1) Characteristics of a Wagering Agreement
    (2) Exception for Wagering Agreement.
    (3) The agreements are not considered wagering agreements.
   (xii) According to Section 56.
3. Case Law.
4. Conclusion.

YouTube Link : https://youtu.be/bK5ZL8EoHsg

1. Introduction of Void Agreements:

A void agreement may be defined as an agreement with no value. Legally a void agreement is not enforceable by law. A void agreement is void-ab-initio.

Example –

(1) Some thieves make an agreement to steal from bank and divide the money equally. But if one thief does not receive his share, he can't file a case against other thieves for not fulfilling the agreement.

(2) A professional dancer makes agreement for a dance performance but before one day of show, she meets with an accident and her legs get fractured and she couldn't perform. In this condition, the contract was valid initially but now it is impossible to fulfill the agreement.

The agreement which contains all the elements of section 10 of Indian Contract Act, 1872, it is called a "Valid Agreement".

2. Following agreements are void agreements –

(i) According to Section 11 - 

Agreement by incompetent persons for example Minor, Unsound Mind, Person Disqualified.

(ii) According to Section 20 - 

Agreement made under bilateral mistake regarding material fact.

(iii) According to Section 23 - 

Agreement of which the object or consideration is unlawful.

(iv) According to Section 25 - 

Agreement without consideration with certain exception.

(v) According to Section 26 - 

Agreement in restraint of Marriage for example Any agreement which prevents the marriage of a major is a void agreement. This is not applicable to minors. But if a major agrees for some consideration not to marry, such agreement is void.

(vi) According to Section 27 - Agreement in restraint of Trade for example If any person is restrained from doing any trade, business or profession or any kind, it is a void agreement.

(vii) Exception for Section 27 –

(a) If a person sells his business along with goodwill, the buyer can ask the seller to refrain from practicing the same business at the local limits.

(b) An outgoing partner can make such agreement i.e. if an outgoing partner makes the contract with the partnership firm not to do any competing business during continuance of that partnership is a valid contract.

(c) X is a Doctor and owner of a hospital. He employs Y as his assistant for two years. For these two years, Y agrees not to practice anywhere else. This is a valid agreement even though it is in restraint of trade.

(viii) According to Section 28 - 

Agreement in restraint of Legal Proceedings for example - Any agreements which prevents one person from using his legal rights under an agreement, this is void agreement.

(ix) Exception for Section 28 -

(a) If any agreement contains that any dispute between parties will be referred to arbitration and the verdict of such arbitration shall be final will be a valid contract.

(b) Also if the partners agree that any dispute between them in the present or the future will be referred to arbitration such an agreement is also valid. But such a contract has to be in writing.

(x) According to Section 29 - 

Agreements whose meaning is uncertain for example - An agreement whose meaning is uncertain cannot be a valid agreement, it is a void agreement. If the real meaning of contract is not assured, the contract cannot go ahead.

(xi) According to Section 30 - 

Wagering Agreement is that agreement which depends on happening or non-happening of an uncertain event. There are equal chances for each side either to win or lose depending on result of such an uncertain event.

This is basically a bet between two parties where the first person predicts that situation A will happen and the other person says that it will not happen. e.g. If a cricket match is going on between India and Australia, X says that India will win and Y says that Australia will win.

(1) Characteristics of a Wagering Agreement –

(a) Equal chances of lose and win - Each person shall have the equal chance to either win or lose the bet. If there is no such chance, there will not be wager.

(b) Neither person should have control over the event.

(c) No other interest in the event - No person should have any other interest except win or lose.

Exception - 

(1) Horse Race (Any wagering contract relating to horse race shall not be treated as void agreement.)

(2) Crossword and Lottery Competition - If any game requires skills or if skill plays an important part in the result and prizes are awarded as per it then the competition is not a lottery but otherwise it is. So a literary competition which requires skill shall not be a wagering contract. But competition where the win is decided upon a chance then that is a lottery and it shall be wager.

(3) Must contain a promise to pay money or money's worth.

Following agreements are not considered wagering agreements –

1. Chit Fund.
2. Transactions of Share Market.
3. Competitions Involving Skills.
4. Insurance Contracts.

(xii) Agreement to do Impossible Acts- Section (56)- 

The agreement which has been made to undertake any impossible activity shall be a void agreement. If when the contract was made, the objective of the agreement was not impossible but thereafter the objective becomes impossible, also the fulfilment of the contract is not necessary.

If the promisor knows that the objective of the contribution has become impossible but still he makes contract, in that case the promisor shall be liable to pay certain compensation which the promise sustains because of non-performance of the contract.

3. Case Law-

Krell Vs. Henry – Paul Krell owned a hotel. On June 17, 1902 C.S.Henry saw an advertisement of Krell’s hotel rooms for rent during upcoming coronation of the KING OF ENGLAND on June 26 and 27. He inquired about the rooms. The price agreed was 75 Pounds for two days. Henry paid 25 Pounds as deposit and promised to pay remaining 50 Pounds on 24 June. Later on, the KING became ill before coronation and coronation cancelled.

Krell demanded for remaining 50 Pounds but Henry refused to pay because the coronation did not happen. Krell filed Court case against Henry for recovery of 50 Pounds.

The decision was in favor of the defendant –

(1) As both the parties recognized that they regarded the taking place of the coronation processions on the days originally fixed as the foundation of the contract, the words of the obligation on the defendant to pay for the use of the room for the days name were not used with reference to the possibility that the processions might not take place.

(2) The Plaintiff was not entitled to recover the balance of the rent fixed by the contract.

4. Conclusion:

Through the analysis of various provisions and sections of Void Agreements, it can be concluded that the void agreements including exceptions save the rights of the parties. The exceptions/ restrictions are very important because contracts and agreements are the legal devices which affect the social relations.

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"भारतीय अनुबंध अधिनियम, 1872 के तहत व्यर्थ ठहराव"

प्रमुख बिंदु:

1. व्यर्थ ठहराव का परिचय।
2. धारा के अनुसार व्यर्थ ठहराव।
   (i) धारा 11 के अनुसार।
   (ii) धारा 20, के अनुसार।
   (iii) धारा 23, के अनुसार।
   (iv) धारा 25, के अनुसार।
   (v) धारा 26, के अनुसार।
   (vi) धारा 27, के अनुसार।
   (vii) धारा 27, के लिए अपवाद।
   (viii) धारा 28, के अनुसार।
   (ix) धारा 28, के लिए अपवाद।
   (x) धारा 29, के अनुसार।
   (xi) धारा 30, के अनुसार।
    (1) एक दांव लगाने के समझौते के लक्षण।
    (2) दांव लगाने के समझौते के लिए अपवाद।
    (3) समझौतों को शर्त लगाने के समझौते नहीं माना जाता है।
   (xii) धारा 56, के अनुसार।
3. निर्णय विधि (Case-Law)।
4. निष्कर्ष।

YouTube Link : https://youtu.be/bK5ZL8EoHsg

1. व्यर्थ ठहराव का परिचय:

एक व्यर्थ ठहराव को बिना किसी मूल्य के समझौते के रूप में परिभाषित किया जा सकता है। कानूनी रूप से एक व्यर्थ ठहराव कानून द्वारा लागू करने योग्य नहीं है। एक व्यर्थ ठहराव प्रारंभ से ही व्यर्थ होता है।

उदाहरण -

(1) कुछ चोर बैंक से चोरी करने और पैसे को बराबर बांटने का ठहराव कर लेते हैं। लेकिन अगर एक चोर को उसका हिस्सा नहीं मिलता है, तो वह ठहराव को पूरा नहीं करने के लिए दूसरे चोरों के खिलाफ मामला दर्ज नहीं कर सकता है।

(2) एक पेशेवर नर्तकी एक नृत्य प्रदर्शन के लिए ठहराव करती है लेकिन शो के एक दिन पहले, वह एक दुर्घटना का शिकार हो जाती है और उसके पैर टूट जाते हैं और वह प्रदर्शन नहीं कर पाती है। इस स्थिति में अनुबंध शुरू में वैध था लेकिन अब अनुबंध को पूरा करना असंभव है।

जिस अनुबंध में भारतीय अनुबंध अधिनियम, 1872 की धारा 10 के सभी तत्व शामिल होते हैं, उसे "वैध ठहराव" कहा जाता है।

2. निम्नलिखित ठहराव व्यर्थ ठहराव हैं -

(i) धारा 11 के अनुसार - 

अक्षम व्यक्तियों द्वारा ठहराव, उदाहरण के लिए नाबालिग, अस्वस्थ दिमाग, अयोग्य व्यक्ति।

(ii) धारा 20 के अनुसार - 

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य के संबंध में द्विपक्षीय गलती के तहत किया गया ठहराव।

(iii) धारा 23 के अनुसार - 

ठहराव जिसका उद्देश्य या प्रतिफल गैर कानूनी है।

(iv) धारा 25 के अनुसार - 

कुछ अपवादों को छोड़कर बिना प्रतिफल के ठहराव।

(v) धारा 26 के अनुसार - 

विवाह के रुकावट के लिए ठहराव उदाहरण के लिए - कोई भी ठहराव जो एक वयस्क के विवाह को रोकता है वह एक व्यर्थ ठहराव है। यह नाबालिगों पर लागू नहीं होता है। लेकिन अगर कोई कुछ प्रतिफल के लिए शादी नहीं करने के लिए सहमत होता है, तो इसे व्यर्थ ठहराव कहते हैं।

(vi) धारा 27 के अनुसार - 

व्यापार के रुकावट के लिए ठहराव उदाहरण के लिए - यदि किसी व्यक्ति को किसी भी प्रकार का कोई व्यापार, व्यवसाय या पेशा  करने से रोका जाता है, तो यह एक व्यर्थ ठहराव है।

(vii) धारा 27, के लिए अपवाद -

(a) यदि कोई व्यक्ति अपने व्यवसाय को ख्याति के साथ बेचता है, तो खरीदार विक्रेता को स्थानीय सीमा पर उसी व्यवसाय को करने से परहेज करने के लिए कह सकता है।

(b) साझेदारी से अलग हो रहा एक साझेदार इस तरह का ठहराव कर सकता है यानी अगर कोई Outgoing partner (बहिर्गामी साझेदार) साझेदारी फर्म के साथ ठहराव करता है तो उस साझेदारी को जारी रखने के दौरान कोई प्रतिस्पर्धी व्यापार नहीं करता है, तो यह एक वैध अनुबंध होगा।

(c) X एक डॉक्टर है और एक अस्पताल का मालिक है। वह Y को दो वर्ष के लिए अपने सहायक के रूप में नियुक्त करता है। इन दो वर्षों के लिए, Y कहीं और अभ्यास नहीं करने के लिए बाध्य है। यह एक वैध अनुबंध है, भले ही यह व्यापार के प्रतिबंध में हो।

(viii) धारा 28 के अनुसार - 

कानूनी कार्यवाही के रुकावट के लिए ठहराव उदाहरण के लिए - कोई भी समझौता जो एक व्यक्ति को एक समझौते के तहत अपने कानूनी अधिकारों का उपयोग करने से रोकता है, यह व्यर्थ ठहराव है।

(ix) धारा 28, के लिए अपवाद -

(a) यदि किसी ठहराव में यह शामिल है कि पक्षकारों के बीच किसी भी विवाद को मध्यस्थता के लिए भेजा जाएगा और इस तरह के मध्यस्थता का फैसला अंतिम होगा, एक वैध अनुबंध होगा।

(b) साथ ही यदि साझेदार सहमत हैं कि वर्तमान या भविष्य में उनके बीच किसी भी विवाद को मध्यस्थता के लिए भेजा जाएगा तो ऐसा ठहराव वैध ठहराव है। लेकिन ऐसा अनुबंध लिखित में होना चाहिए।

(x) धारा 29 के अनुसार - 

ठहराव जिसका अर्थ अनिश्चित है, उदाहरण के लिए - एक ठहराव जिसका अर्थ अनिश्चित है एक वैध ठहराव नहीं हो सकता है, यह एक व्यर्थ ठहराव है। यदि अनुबंध का वास्तविक अर्थ सुनिश्चित नहीं है, तो अनुबंध आगे नहीं बढ़ सकता है।

(xi) धारा 30 के अनुसार - 

शर्त ठहराव वह ठहराव है जो किसी अनिश्चित घटना के घटित होने या न होने पर निर्भर करता है। ऐसी अनिश्चित घटना के परिणाम के आधार पर प्रत्येक पक्ष के जीतने या हारने के समान अवसर होते हैं।

यह मूल रूप से दो पक्षों के बीच एक शर्त है जहां पहला व्यक्ति भविष्यवाणी करता है कि ऐसा होगा और दूसरा व्यक्ति कहता है कि ऐसा नहीं होगा। जैसे यदि भारत और ऑस्ट्रेलिया के बीच कोई क्रिकेट मैच चल रहा है, तो X कहता है कि भारत जीतेगा और Y कहता है कि ऑस्ट्रेलिया जीतेगा।

(1) एक शर्त लगाने के ठहराव की विशेषताएं -

(a) हार और जीत के समान अवसर - प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के पास शर्त जीतने या हारने का समान अवसर होगा। अगर ऐसा कोई मौका नहीं है, तो शर्त नहीं लगेगा।

(b) घटना पर किसी भी व्यक्ति का नियंत्रण नहीं होना चाहिए।

(c) आयोजन में कोई अन्य रुचि नहीं होना चाहिए, जैसे किसी भी व्यक्ति को जीत या हार के अलावा कोई अन्य रुचि नहीं होनी चाहिए।

अपवाद -

(1) घुड़दौड़ (घुड़दौड़ से संबंधित किसी भी शर्त लगाने के अनुबंध को व्यर्थ ठहराव नहीं माना जाएगा।)

(2) क्रॉसवर्ड और लॉटरी प्रतियोगिता - यदि किसी खेल में कौशल की आवश्यकता होती है या यदि कौशल परिणाम में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है और उसके अनुसार पुरस्कार दिए जाते हैं तो प्रतियोगिता लॉटरी नहीं बल्कि वास्तविक है। साहित्यिक प्रतियोगिता जिसमें कौशल की आवश्यकता होती है, एक शर्त लगाने वाला अनुबंध नहीं होगा। लेकिन प्रतियोगिता जहां जीत एक मौके पर तय की जाती है तो वह एक लॉटरी है और यह शर्त होगा।

(3) पैसे या पैसे के लायक भुगतान करने का वादा होना चाहिए।

निम्नलिखित समझौतों को दांव लगाने के समझौते नहीं माना जाता है -

1. चिट फंड।
2. शेयर बाजार के लेनदेन।
3. कौशल से जुड़ी प्रतियोगिताएं।
4. बीमा अनुबंध।

(xii) असंभव कार्य करने का समझौता- धारा (56)- 

किसी भी असंभव गतिविधि को करने के लिए किया गया समझौता एक शून्य समझौता होगा। यदि अनुबंध करते समय अनुबंध का उद्देश्य असंभव नहीं था लेकिन उसके बाद उद्देश्य असंभव हो जाता है, तो अनुबंध की पूर्ति भी आवश्यक नहीं है।

यदि वचनदाता जानता है कि अंशदान का उद्देश्य असंभव हो गया है, लेकिन फिर भी वह अनुबंध करता है, तो उस स्थिति में वचनदाता कुछ मुआवजे का भुगतान करने के लिए उत्तरदायी होगा जो अनुबंध के गैर-प्रदर्शन के कारण वादा करता है।

3. Case Law:

क्रेल बनाम। हेनरी - पॉल क्रेल के पास एक होटल था। 17 जून, 1902 को सी.एस.हेनरी ने 26 और 27 जून को इंग्लैंड के राजा के आगामी राज्याभिषेक के दौरान किराए के लिए क्रेल के होटल के कमरों का विज्ञापन देखा। उन्होंने कमरों के बारे में पूछताछ की। दो दिनों के लिए किराया 75 पाउंड था। हेनरी ने अग्रिम जमा के रूप में 25 पाउंड का भुगतान किया और 24 जून को शेष 50 पाउंड का भुगतान करने का वादा किया। बाद में, राज्याभिषेक रद्द होने से पहले राजा बीमार हो गया।

क्रेल ने शेष 50 पाउंड की मांग की लेकिन हेनरी ने भुगतान करने से इनकार कर दिया क्योंकि राज्याभिषेक नहीं हुआ था। क्रेल ने हेनरी के खिलाफ 50 पाउंड की वसूली के लिए कोर्ट केस दायर किया।

फैसला प्रतिवादी के पक्ष में था -

(1) जैसा कि दोनों पक्षों ने माना कि वे मूल रूप से अनुबंध की नींव के रूप में तय किए गए दिनों पर राज्याभिषेक जुलूस के स्थान पर विचार करते थे, प्रतिवादी पर इस संभावना के संदर्भ में कि जुलूस नहीं हो सकता है, विशेष दिनों के लिए कमरे के उपयोग के लिए भुगतान करने के दायित्व के शब्दों का उपयोग नहीं किया गया था।

(2) वादी अनुबंध द्वारा निर्धारित किराए की शेष राशि वसूल करने का हकदार नहीं था।

4. निष्कर्ष:

विभिन्न प्रावधानों और व्यर्थ ठहराव के अनुभागों के विश्लेषण के माध्यम से, यह निष्कर्ष निकाला जा सकता है कि अपवादों सहित व्यर्थ ठहराव पक्षकारों के अधिकारों को बचाते हैं। अपवाद/प्रतिबंध बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हैं क्योंकि अनुबंध और समझौते कानूनी उपकरण हैं जो सामाजिक संबंधों को प्रभावित करते हैं।