Friday, June 16, 2023

Company Meeting: Meaning, Kinds, Essential, Detail information about "AGM":

Company Meeting: Meaning, Kinds, Essential, Detail information about "AGM":

Key Points:

1.Introduction of Company Meeting.

2.Meaning of Company Meeting.

3. Type /Kinds of Company Meeting.

 (I) Meeting of Shareholders.

  (i) Annual Meeting,

  (ii) Extraordinary Meeting,

  (iii) Class Meeting,

 (II) Meeting of Directors.

  (i) Meetings of Board of Directors,

  (ii) Meetings of committee of Directors,

 (III) Meetings of Creditors, Debentures holder and Contributories.

  (i) Meeting of Creditors and Debentures holder otherwise than in winding up,

  (ii) Meetings of Creditors and Contributories in winding up

4. Characteristics /Essential /Features / Ingredients /Component /Requisites of Valid Meeting.

5. Meetings of Shareholders

 (i) AGM or GM or AM Section - 96

  (a) Meaning of AGM.

  (b) Rules regarding AGM (Statutory Provisions).

  (c) Business to be transacted at AGM.

Link : https://smckk14.blogspot.com/2023/03/cost-audit-meaning-objectives.html


1.Introduction of Company Meeting:

A company calls on the time to time the meeting of Directors, Debenture holders, Creditors, Shareholders etc. in which concerned decision relating to company are taken.

2.Meaning of Company Meeting:

Meeting means gathering of two or more persons at a certain place on the basis of pre - information to discuss on the some agenda. i. e. Gathering of two or more persons for legal purpose (s) is called “Meeting”.

3. Type /Kinds of Company Meeting:

(I) Meeting of Shareholders -

(i) Annual Meeting,
(ii) Extraordinary Meeting,
(iii) Class Meeting,

(II) Meeting of Directors -

(i).Meetings of Board of Directors,
(ii) Meetings of committee of Directors,

(III) Meetings of Creditors, Debentures holder and Contributories.

(i).Meeting of Creditors and Debentures holder otherwise than in winding up,
(ii) Meetings of Creditors and Contributories in winding up.


4. Characteristics /Essential /Features / Ingredients /Component /Requisites of Valid Meeting:

(1) Properly Convened:

It is essential that (a) All the persons i.e. members directors, auditors etc. who are eligible to present and participate, should be properly informed. (b) Meeting should be convened by those persons who are duly authorised to do so.

(2) Proper Authority:

(i) Board of Directors:

AOA of the company authorised Board of Directors to call the meeting. Even AOA has no clear provisions in this regard, the Board of Directors may call the meetings. Notice of meeting is given by secretary after permission of Board of Directors only otherwise invalid.

(ii) Members:

In special circumstances the members of the company may also demand to conduct EGM.

(iii) Central Government:

If due to any reason the company makes default in calling AGM or it is not possible for company to call the General Meeting, the Central Government itself may order to call the meeting or after obtaining application from members may order to call the meeting.

(3) Proper and Adequate Information: (Refer information of meeting under methods of meeting)

(4) Properly Constituted Meeting:

(i) Chairman, (ii) Quorum, (iii) Agenda.

(5) Properly Conducted:

(i) According to provisions of AOA and rules of Companies Act, 
(ii) Discussion in proper way, 
(iii) Decision according to proper voting, 
(iv) Resolution must be properly passed, 
(v) Minutes must be properly made.

(I) Meetings of Shareholders

(i) AGM or GM or AM Section - 96

(a) Meaning of AGM:

AGM means the meeting of members which is conducted every year under the provisions of company law.

Definition 96(1) - Every company other than and a OPC (One-person company) shall hold a General Meeting as its AGM in each year in addition to any other meetings.

The notice of such meeting must contain that this is the AGM of the company.

(b) Rules regarding AGM (Statutory Provisions):

(i) AGM must be convened once in a year.

(ii) In case of first AGM, it shall be held within 9 months from the date of closing of the first financial year and in any other case, within 6 months from the date of closing of the financial year.

(iii) If the company holds its first AGM as mentioned under (ii), its shall not be necessary to hold any AGM in the year of incorporation.

(iv) The registrar may, for any special reason, extend the time within which any AGM, other than the first AGM, shall be held, by a period not exceeding three months.

(v) Every AGM shall be called during office hours i.e. between 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. except on the national holiday and shall be held either at the registered office.

In case of unlisted company of the AGM may be held at any place in India on the basis of written consent or electronic consent by all the members.

(vi) Central government may exempt any company from this provisions subject to such condition as it may impose.

(vii) Time, date and place are to be decided by board of directors beforehand.

(viii) If company makes any error in calling AGM, the NCLT (National Company Law Tribunal) on application for any member, may call meeting itself, if it things appropriate or may order the company to call the meeting.

In such case, the NCLT, may issue necessary instruction including the instruction that in such meeting, if only one member or his /her proxy is present the meeting will be valid.

(ix) Chairman:

Generally in AOA, it is provided that the chairman of board of directors shall be the chairman of AGM. If not provided, chairman will be elected by the members present.

(x) Absence of chairman:

If the chairman does not register his presence in the meeting within 15 minutes or despite presence does not want to accept the post of chairman, the members will elect any member to act as chairman. If any director who is present but does not want to be chairman, the members present shall select any member out of them.

(xi) Notice:

At least before 21 days of AGM but if all the members having voting rights give consent for less days, AGM may be called.

(xii) Contents of Notice (101):

(a)Serial number (43/56) of meeting, (b) Information that meeting is going the be conducted, (c) Date, Place & Time,(d) Printed financial accounts and Balance Sheets, (e) Directors report, (f) Auditors report.

(xiii) Person entitled to receive Notice:

(a). Every member whose name is registered in the register of Companies,

(b) Successor of deceased member,

(c) Liquidator of insolvent member,

(d) Auditors of company

(xiv) Quorum:

Generally AOA contains the number of quorum. It cannot be less than minimum prescribed number of members provided in Companies Act. If AOA does not contain quorum, then in case of public company minimum 5, if number of members at the day of meeting is 1000 and in case of private company minimum 2.

(xv) Adjournment:

If any AGM is adjourned, only those agenda shall be considered which would not be considered in previous meeting. Such meeting must be conducted within prescribed time.

(xvi) Notice of Adjourned Meeting:

If a meeting is adjourned for twenty or more days, the members shall be informed in such a manner as in original AGM.

(xvii) Penalty:

Company and defaulting officers, Directors will be punished with up to rupees 1,00,000 and if error continuous, 5,000 per day additional.

(c) Business to be transacted at AGM:

(a) Ordinary Business (102):

(i) Considering and adopting annual accounts and balance sheet and reports of directors & auditors.

(ii) Declaration of dividend (if any)

(iii) Appointment of new directors in place of retiring directors on rotation basis.

(iv) Determining remuneration of auditor and appointment.

These business need passing of ordinary resolution.

(b) Special Business:

Any business other than ordinary business. Such special business may be transacted only if provided in AOA and members have been duly informed according to provisions of Companies Act. While informing, special business must be included in agenda.

Special business may be passed by ordinary or special resolution according to Companies Act. E.g. (i) Increase in authorised capital is special business but may be passed through ordinary resolution, (ii) Alteration in AOA is special business but may be passed through special resolution. For special business, members have to be informed according to act and resolution is passed by 3/4th or more voting.

Following are Special Business -

(i) Alteration in AOA,
(ii) Increase in authorised capital,
(iii) Appointment of Manager or Managing Director,
(iv) Alteration in MOA,
(v) Appointment of New Directors,

For ordinary business, ordinary resolution

For special business ordinary or special resolution

In addition, with regards to special business detailed note regarding the special business is to be sent. 

Monday, March 13, 2023

Cost Audit: Meaning, Objectives, Qualification, Disqualifications, Significance, Legal Rules, Cost Auditor-Appointment, Duties (लागत अंकेक्षण: अर्थ, उद्देश्य, योग्यता, अयोग्यता, महत्व, कानूनी नियम)

Cost Audit: Meaning, Objectives, Qualification, Disqualifications, Significance, Legal Rules

Key Points:

1.Meaning of Cost Audit
2. Definition of Cost Audit
3. Objectives of Cost Audit
     (a) General Objectives
     (b) Objectives for Government
     (c) Objectives for Manufacturer
4. Qualification of Cost Auditor Section - 148
5. Additional Disqualifications
6. Significance /Need /Relevance of Cost Audit
7. Legal Rules regarding Cost Audit
8. Appointment of Cost Auditor
     (a) Who can Appoint?
     (b) Tenure (Serving Period)
     (c) Exemption from Appointment
9. Powers and Duties of Cost Auditor
10. Liabilities of Cost Auditor
11. Additional Liabilities of Cost Auditor

Link : https://smckk14.blogspot.com/2023/02/management-audit-meaning-advantages.html


1.Meaning of Cost Audit:

"Cost Audit" is the examination/checking of cost records. This audit is done to ascertain (ensure) that the cost records are kept to give true and fair view of cost of production, cost of sales and profit (margin) of product.

This audit is compulsory for specified companies according to Section 148 of Companies Act, 2013.

2. Definition of Cost Audit:

(i). According to ICWAI:

"Cost audit is an audit of efficiency in respect of minute details of expenses which is in the process of being incurred on work in progress".

(ii) According to R. W. Dobson:

"Cost audit is the verification of correctness of cost accounts and of the adherence to the cost accountancy plans".

(iii) According to Smith and Day:

"Cost audit is detailed checking of the costing system, techniques and accounts to verify their correctness and to ensure adherence to the objective of cost Accountancy".

3. Objectives of Cost Audit:

(I) General Objectives:

(i) Verification of arithmetical accuracy of cost entries.

(ii) Detection of errors and frauds.

(iii) Finding out whether the cost accounting procedures have been followed.

(iv) Verification of cost accounts whether properly maintained as per principles of Costing.

(v) Verification of cost statements whether properly prepared as per records and they present true and fair view of cost of production and marketing.

(vi) Detection and control of abnormal loss of Material and Time.

(vii) Reconciliation between Cost Accounts and Financial Accounts.

(viii) Finding out whether each item of expenses involved into relevant components of the goods manufactured or produced has been properly incurred or not.

(ix) Determining the accurate cost involved in products, manufacturing process and jobs to compare them with previous records.

(x) Instilling cost consciousness among employees.

(xi) Determining valuation of Inventory.

(xii) Improvement of productivity of employees, physical and financial resources.

(xiii) Appropriate allocation of overheads.

(II) Objectives for Government:

(i). To find out whether any industry should be given any price or subsidy to encourage, development and expand it. This is not only from the point of view of investors, producer, consumer that a "Reasonable Price" should be fixed but as the government is interested in export of the goods to earn foreign exchange, it is important that the goods should be priced reasonably to compete in the world market.

(ii) To determine whether the industry requires protection and if such protection has already been given, should it be removed or continued or curtailed.

(iii) To assist the tariff board to consider the extension or removal of protection.

(iv) To decide whether excise duty should be reduced or not or removed on finished goods.

(v) To expose the wrong intention of management.

(vi) To fix the selling price.

(vii) To avoid wastage and unnecessary expenses to reduce cost of production to supply the goods at reduced price.

(III) Objectives for Manufacturer:

(i). To check wastage of Materials and Labours.

(ii) To fix the price when quotation is to be sent.

(iii) To find out the profitability of different units.

(iv) To stop the production of less economic units and pay attention to profitable products.

(v) To have internal control and check which may be useful for financial auditor.

(vi) To check valuation of Inventory and work in progress at various stages of completion especially at the ending financial year.

(vii) To help the management to regulate the function.

(viii) To check the effectiveness of cost control techniques.

(ix) To enable to management to prepare future policy on the basis of report of cost auditor.

(x) To get latest accurate information when needed.

4. Qualification of Cost Auditor Section - 148:

(i) He should be a "Cost Accountant" within the meaning of the cost and works accountants act India, 1959, and

(ii) He should hold a certificate of practice issued of ICWAI.

The cost auditor may be an individual cost accountant in practice or a firm of cost Accountants, or a LLP (Limited liability partnership) all of whose members are cost accountants deemed to be in practice. However, the constitution of the firm of cost accountants must be with the approval of Central Government as per regulation of cost and works Accountants act, 1959.

5. Additional Disqualifications:

Following persons are disqualified for the post of Cost Auditor-

(i). Anybody corporate, however, a LLP registered under LLP Act, 2008 may be appointed as cost accountant.

(ii) A person who is an officer or employee of the company.

(iii) A person who is a partner or is in the employment of an officer or employee of the company or of the company's auditor appointed under Section 139.

(iv) A person who or whose relative or partner is holding any security of or an interest in the companies or its Subsidiary/Holding/Associate company or in a subsidiary of a holding company.

(v) A person relative of whose partner is holding any security of or interest in the company valued at more than ₹100000.

(vi) A person who is indebted to the company or its Subsidiary/Holding /Associate or Subsidiary or its holding company of the sum of ₹5 lakh or more.

(vii) A person who has given guarantee or provided security in respect of indebtedness of any person to the company or its Subsidiary/Holding /Associate company or to the subsidiary of such holding company exceeding ₹100000.

(viii) A person or who directly or indirectly has business relationship with the company, its Subsidiary /Holding /Associate company or with subsidiary of such Holding /Associate company.

(ix) A person whose relative is a director of, or in the employment of the company as director, or any key managerial personnel.

(x) A person who is in full time employment elsewhere, or in employment of a person or partnership firm which is holding appointment as auditor of the company, if such person or firm is at the date of appointment holding appointment as auditor of more than 20 companies.

(xi) A person who has been convicted of an offence of fraud and a period of 10 years has not expired after the date of conviction.

(xii) A person whose Subsidiary /Associate or any other form of entity is engaged, on the date of appointment as cost accountant, in consultancy and providing specialised services specified in section 144, to the company or its subsidiary.

6. Significance /Need /Relevance of Cost Audit:

(i) Compulsory Cost Audit -

The Central Government may notify certain classes of companies to maintain cost records as prescribed along with the audit of such accounts.

(ii) For Pricing Decisions -

Every company wants that its products should not overpriced because such price may throw the company out of market. Also the company does not want under-pricing because it may cause loss. So, the management wants to ensure the correct pricing procedure with decision in this regard.

(iii) For Consumers -

Cost audit is conducted to ascertain cost of production so that the price is fairly determined. The consumers may want to see the audited cost of the product.

(iv) For Government -

Government wants to know the fair and correct cost of production of goods and services in public interest. Also the grant of subsidy, rebates and concessions may require the accurate data about production cost.

(v) For Managerial Decision -

Cost audit helps the management in the taking pricing decisions.

(vi) For Taxation -

According to rules of taxation, certain tax assessments require correct details of cost of production. Especially, the indirect tax is like excise duty, service tax etc.

7. Legal Rules regarding Cost Audit:

Company (Cost records and Audit) rules, 2014

The Central Government has issued these rules to govern the maintenance of cost records. So, every company including foreign company which is engaged in production of goods or providing of services as given in tables 'A' and 'B' and having turnover of ₹35 crore or more in the immediately preceding financial year, will be required to maintain cost account records.

However, foreign companies, having only liasion office in India and engaged in production, Import and Supply or Trading of specified devices listed in table 'B' will be exempted from this provisions.

Similarly, companies classified as 'Micro Enterprise' or 'Small Enterprise' or as per turnover criteria of section 7 (9) of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006, will be exempt. The companies which export goods and services and whose revenue in foreign exchange exceeds 75% of their total revenues, or which are operating in SEZs will also be exempt.

Goods and Services that require maintaining cost records -

The goods and services that require maintaining cost records have been classified as regulated under table 'A' and non-regulated table 'B'.

Table 'A' (Regulated Items)

(i). Telecommunication services.

(ii) Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Supply of electricity.

(iii) Petroleum products.

(iv) Drugs and Pharma.

(v) Fertilizers.

(vi) Sugar and Industrial Alcohol.

Table 'B' (Non-regulated Items)

(1) Machines and Mechanical appliances used in defence, Space and Atomic energy sectors excluding Ancillary items.

(2) Turbo Jets and Propellers.

(3) Arms and Ammunition.

(4) Propellant powder, Prepared explosive, Safety fuses, Detonating fuses, Ignitions, Electronic Detonators.

(5) Radar appliances, Radio navigational aid and Remote control appliances (radio).

(6) Tanks & Armoured fighting vehicles, whether fixed with weapons, parts of them funded up to 90% or more by Govt. or Govt. agencies.

(7) Specified port services.

(8) Specified Aeronautical services.

(9) Steel.

(10) Roads & other Infrastructure projects.

(11) Rubber & Allied products.

(12) Cement.

(13) Basic metals.

(14) Mineral fuels, oils etc.

(15) Railway, Tramway, Locomotives, Rolling stock, Fixtures & Fittings, Traffic signalling system.

(16) Ores, Mineral products.

(17) Inorganic chemicals, Organic & Inorganic compounds of precious metal, Metals of radioactive elements etc.

(18) Jute & Jute products.

(19) Edible oils.

(20) Construction Industry.

(21) Health services, Hospitals, Diagnostic & Clinical Centre.

(22) Education services, excluding Philanthropic & Non-profit services.

(23) Production, Import & Supply or Trading of specified devices like Stents, Catheters, Lenses, Heart valves, Orthopaedic implants, Prosthetic implants, Brain stimulators etc.

Other non-regulated sectors:

(i) Coffee and Tea,

(ii) Milk Powder,

(iii) Insecticides,

(iv) Plastics,

(v) Tyres and Tubes,

(vi) Papers,

(vii) Textiles

(viii) Glasses,

(ix) Other machinery,

(x) Electric or Electronic machinery.

Maintenance of Cost accounts and Audit:

 

Item

Table 'A'

Table 'B'

Maintenance of Cost Accounting Records

If aggregate turnover of goods and services by the company is ₹ 35 crore or more

If aggregate turnover of goods and services produced by the company is ₹ 35 crore or more

Cost Audit

If aggregate turnover of goods and services produced by the company in the immediately preceding year is 50 crore or more

If aggregate turnover of goods and services produces by the company in the immediately preceding year is ₹100 crores or more

 

If the aggregate turnover of any individual product and /or services satisfies the requirement of maintenance of cost records ₹ 25 crore or more

If the aggregate turnover of any individual product and /or services satisfies the requirement of maintenance of cost records ₹ 35 crore or more

8. Appointment of Cost Auditor:

(a). Who can appoint?

If the company has audit committee, the appointment will be made by the said committee. In other condition, Board of Directors shall appoint.

As per rule 2019, the cost auditor need not be in practice. The final authority is for appointment vests with shareholders who will ratify the decision of the audit committee or Board of Directors.

The company need not to avail prior approval the Central Government for appointment.

(b) Tenure (Serving Period):

A cost accountant will remain in his /her post until expiry of 180 days from the closure of the financial year or until submission of his report.

Any Casual Vacancy due to registration, removal or death will be filled by Board of Director within 30 days of the vacancy and, the company will within 30 days of appointment, inform the Central Government.

(c) Exemption from Appointment:

Appointment is not necessary in case of MSME and the company whose export revenue exceeds 75% of its total revenue. An Enterprise operating in SEZ's is also exempt.

9. Powers and Duties of Cost Auditor:

Powers and Duties of cost auditor are same as Statutory auditors under Section 139.

Cost auditor has to submit report to Board of Directors then the Board of Directors submits that report to Central Government within 30 days along with explanation on every qualification mentioned in report.

10. Liabilities of Cost Auditor:

Main Liability - The execute the work in the capacity of a cost accountant prescribed under the cost Act 2013.

11. Additional Liabilities of cost auditor:

(i) Submitting cost audit report to CLB (Company Law Board) and to the company.

(ii) Submitting cost audit report within 120 days from the end of the financial year to which cost audit relates.

(iii) On professional misconduct, the ICWAI may reprimand his membership or remove his name from the register for a period not exceeding four years, as the Council may deem fit.
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लागत अंकेक्षण: अर्थ, उद्देश्य, योग्यता, अयोग्यता, महत्व, कानूनी नियम

प्रमुख बिंदु:

1.लागत अंकेक्षण का अर्थ
2. लागत अंकेक्षण की परिभाषा
3. लागत अंकेक्षण के उद्देश्य
     (a) सामान्य उद्देश्य
     (b) सरकार के दृश्टिकोण दृष्टिकोण से लागत अंकेक्षण के उद्देश्य
     (c) निर्माता के दृष्टिकोण से लागत अंकेक्षण का उद्देश्य
4. लागत अंकेक्षक की योग्यता धारा 148 के अनुसार
 5. लागत अंकेक्षक की अतिरिक्त अयोग्यताएं
6. लागत अंकेक्षण का महत्व /आवश्यकता /लाभ
7. लागत अंकेक्षण के संबंध में कानूनी नियम /वैधानिक नियम
8. लागत अंकेक्षक की नियुक्ति
     (a) कौन लागत अंकेक्षक नियुक्त कर सकता है?
     (b) कार्यकाल (सेवा अवधि)
     (c) नियुक्ति से छूट
9. लागत अंकेक्षक की शक्तियां एवं कर्तव्य
10. लागत अंकेक्षक का दायित्व
11. लागत अंकेक्षक का अतिरिक्त दायित्व

 

Link : https://smckk14.blogspot.com/2023/02/management-audit-meaning-advantages.html

1.लागत अंकेक्षण का अर्थ:

लागत अंकेक्षण में लागत अभिलेख /प्रपत्र /लेखा -बही की जांच करना शामिल होता है। यह अंकेक्षण रखे गए लागत अभिलेखों के द्वारा उत्पादन की लागत, बिक्री की लागत एवं उत्पाद पर लाभ का सही, निष्पक्ष और उचित परिदृश्य प्रस्तुत करता है।

कंपनी अधिनियम, 2013 की धारा 148 के अंतर्गत आने वाली विशिष्ट कंपनियों के लिए लागत अंकेक्षण अनिवार्य है। 

2. लागत अंकेक्षण की परिभाषा:

(i) ICWAI के अनुसार :

"लागत अंकेक्षण व्ययों के संदर्भ में स्वच्छ विवरणों सहित एक विवरण है जो एक प्रक्रिया के दौरान चालू कार्य से संबंधित होता है।" 

(ii) आर डब्ल्यू डॉसन के अनुसार:

"लागत अंकेक्षण लागत खातों की शुद्धता का सत्यापन करता है तथा लागत लेखों के अनुपालन को स्थापित करता है।" 

(iii) स्मिथ एंड डे के अनुसार:

"लागत अंकेक्षण लागत प्रक्रिया, तकनीकों एवं खातों की विस्तृत जांच है ताकि उनकी विश्वसनीयता ज्ञात हो सके एवं लागत लेखांकन के उद्देश्य को सिद्ध किया जा सके।"

3. लागत अंकेक्षण के उद्देश्य:

(I) सामान्य उद्देश्य:

(i) लागत लेखों /अभिलेखों की शुद्धता की जानकारी प्राप्त करना,

(ii) लागत लेखों में किए गए छल -कपट एवं चोरी की जानकारी प्राप्त करना,

(iii) यह जानकारी प्राप्त करना कि लागत निर्धारण में प्रयुक्त विधियों तथा निर्णय का पालन सही में किया जा रहा है या नहीं,

(iv) यह जानकारी प्राप्त करना कि लागत लेखों को तैयार करने में अधिनियम एवं निर्देशों का पालन किया गया है या नहीं,

(v) लागत विचारणों की मूल्यांकन करना, चाहे वह नियमों के तहत एवं अभिलेख के आधार पर तैयार किए गए हो, जो कि उत्पादन लागत एवं विपणन की सही स्थिति दर्शाते हो,

(vi) सामग्री और समय की असामान्य हानि पर नियंत्रण एवं पता लगाना,

(vii) लागत लेखांकन एवं वित्तीय लेखांकन में सामजस्य स्थापित करना,

(viii) लागत व्ययों का विश्लेषण कर उत्पादक एवं अनुत्पादक  व्ययों में अंतर स्पष्ट करना,

(ix) उत्पादन में शामिल लागत की सटीकता की जांच करना। पुराने अभिलेख के द्वारा निर्माण प्रक्रिया और जॉब का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन करना चाहिए,

(x) कर्मचारियों की लागत के प्रति जागरूकता पैदा करना,

(xi) स्टॉक के मूल्यांकन की जांच करना,

(xii) कर्मचारियों की दक्षता की जानकारी,

(II) सरकार के दृश्टिकोण दृष्टिकोण से लागत अंकेक्षण के उद्देश्य:

(i).यह जांच करना चाहिए, कि क्या किसी उद्योग को प्रोत्साहन, विकास एवं विस्तार के लिए अनुदान देना चाहिए। निवेशकों, उपभोक्ताओं और उत्पादकों के अनुसार मूल्य निर्धारित नहीं किया जाना चाहिए। यह आवश्यक है कि उत्पाद का मूल्य वैश्विक बाजार के आधार पर निश्चित किया जाना चाहिए, ताकि सरकार उत्पाद के निर्यात के द्वारा विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार बढ़ा सके। 

(ii) यह जानकारी होना चाहिए कि क्या उद्योग को सुरक्षा की आवश्यकता है और ऐसी सुरक्षा पहले से दी जा चुकी है तो क्या इसे हटा दिया जाना चाहिए या जारी रखना चाहिए या कम कर दिया जाना चाहिए। 

(iii) सुरक्षा के विस्तार या हटाने का निर्णय के लिए टैरिफ बोर्ड का सहायक होना चाहिए।

(iv) यह निश्चित करना कि तैयार माल पर उत्पाद शुल्क कम किया जाना चाहिए या नहीं या हटाया जाना चाहिए। 

(v) प्रबंध की गलत नीतियों को सामने लाना चाहिए। 

(vi) विक्रय मूल्य निर्धारित करना चाहिए। 

(vii) कम मूल्य पर माल की आपूर्ति के लिए अनावश्यक व्यय एवं हानि को कम करके उत्पादन उत्पादन लागत कम करना चाहिए।

(III) निर्माता के दृष्टिकोण से लागत अंकेक्षण का उद्देश्य:

(i) सामग्री व श्रम के क्षय की जांच,

(ii) Quotation भेजने के लिए कीमत निर्धारित करना,

(iii) विभिन्न इकाइयों में होने वाले लाभ की जानकारी रखना। 

(iv) कम लाभ देने वाली इकाइयों के उत्पादन पर रोक लगाना तथा अधिक लाभ देने वाली इकाइयों पर ध्यान देना,

(v) आंतरिक नियंत्रण एवं जांच, जो कि वित्तीय अंकेक्षण के लिए सहायक होना चाहिए। 

(vi) स्टॉक के मूल्यांकन एवं निर्माण कार्य के समापन के विभिन्न स्तर पर जांच करना विशेष रूप से वित्तीय वर्ष के समापन पर,

(vii) नियमों एवं क्रियाओं के लागू करने में प्रबंध की सहायता करना,

(viii) लागत नियंत्रण तकनीकी की दक्षता का जांच करना,

(ix) नवीनतम आवश्यक सूचनाओं को उपलब्ध कराना,

(x) लागत अंकेक्षण के रिपोर्ट के आधार पर भविष्य की नीतियों का निर्धारण में प्रबंध को तैयार करना,

4. लागत अंकेक्षक की योग्यता धारा 148 के अनुसार:

(i). ICWAI, 1959 के अनुसार लागत अंकेक्षक एक  लागत लेखाकार होना चाहिए तथा

(ii) उसके पास ICWAI के द्वारा जारी practice प्रमाण पत्र होना चाहिए। 

लागत अंकेक्षण के रूप में एक व्यक्ति लागत लेखाकार या लागत लेखाकार फर्म का व्यक्ति या एक LLP (Limited liability partnership) हो सकता है, जो सभी लागत लेखाकार के रूप में practice करते हैं। उन्हें नियुक्त किया जा सकता है। लागत लेखाकार के फर्म का गठन, 1959 `में एक अधिनियम Cost and works accountant पारित किया गया और ICWAI एक संस्था के रूप में स्थापित किया गया। जिसका अनुमोदन केंद्र सरकार के द्वारा किया गया है।

5. लागत अंकेक्षक की अतिरिक्त अयोग्यताएं:

निम्नलिखित व्यक्ति लागत अंकेक्षक के रूप में अयोग्य माने जाते हैं -

(i).कोई भी कॉरपोरेट्स निकाय, जबकि  एलएलपी अधिनियम, 2008 के अनुसार  पंजीकृत लागत लेखाकार के रूप में नियुक्त हो सकता है। 

(ii) कोई भी व्यक्ति जो कंपनी का अधिकारी या कर्मचारी हो,

(iii) यदि कोई व्यक्ति जो धारा 139 के अंतर्गत कंपनी अंकेक्षक, अधिकारी या कर्मचारी या कंपनी का साझेदार हो,

(iv) यदि कोई व्यक्ति स्वयं या उसका कोई रिश्तेदार कंपनी या उसके सूत्रधारी /सहायक /सहयोगी कंपनी का साझेदार हो या कंपनी के हित को धारण करता हो,

(v) यदि किसी व्यक्ति या उसके रिश्तेदार के पास कंपनी का ₹100000 से अधिक मूल्य का हित धारण करता हो,

(vi) यदि कोई व्यक्ति कंपनी के सूत्रधारी /सहायक /सहयोगी कंपनी से  ₹5,00,000 या उससे अधिक ऋण ले चुका हो,

(vii) यदि कोई व्यक्ति किसी कंपनी या उसकी सूत्रधारी /सहायक /सहयोगी कंपनी के लिए ₹100000 ऋण के संबंध में गारंटी दिया हो,

(viii) ऐसा व्यक्ति जिसकी कंपनी या उसकी सूत्रधारी /सहायक /सहयोगी कंपनी के साथ व्यापारिक संबंध हो,

(ix) ऐसा व्यक्ति या जिसका रिश्तेदार कंपनी का निर्देशक या संचालक या प्रबंधकीय निर्णय में प्रमुख स्थान रखता हो

10.एक व्यक्ति जो पूर्णकालिक रोजगार में कहीं और हो या किसी व्यक्ति या साझेदारी फर्म में रोजगार करता हो जो कंपनी के लेखक 16 के रूप में नियुक्त कर रहा हो यदि ऐसा व्यक्ति या पर नियुक्ति की तिथि पर अधिक से लेखा परीक्षक के रूप में नियुक्त 20 कंपनियां

(xi) ऐसा व्यक्ति जिसे छल कपट के लिए दोषी पाया गया हो और सजा के तिथि के बाद से 10 वर्ष की अवधि समाप्त नहीं हुई हो,

(xii) ऐसा व्यक्ति जो लागत लेखाकार की नियुक्ति की तिथि पर कंपनी या उसके सहायक /सहयोगी या अन्य किसी रूप में कार्य कर रहा हो, जो धारा 144 के अंतर्गत विशेष रूप से दर्ज हो।

6. लागत अंकेक्षण का महत्व /आवश्यकता /लाभ:

(i).अनिवार्य लागत अंकेक्षण:

केंद्र सरकार कुछ श्रेणियों की कंपनियों को अंकेक्षण के अनुसार लागत लेखों को सुरक्षित रखने के लिए अधिसूचित कर सकती है। 

(ii) मूल्य निर्धारण निर्णय संबंधी:

प्रत्येक कंपनी अपने उत्पाद की कीमत अधिक नहीं चाहती है, क्योंकि कंपनी बाजार से बाहर हो जाएगी। साथ ही साथ कंपनी अपने उत्पाद की कीमत कम रखकर नुकसान भी नहीं चाहती है, इसलिए कंपनी मूल्य निर्धारण में प्रबंध का निर्णय आवश्यक मानती है। 

(iii) उपभोक्ताओं के लिए:

उत्पाद के सही मूल्य निर्धारण के लिए लागत अंकेक्षण से उत्पाद की लागत ज्ञात की जाती है। उपभोक्ताओं को उचित मूल्य पर वस्तुएं उपलब्ध हो जाती हैं। 

(iv) सरकार के लिए:

सरकार वस्तुओं और सेवाओं के उत्पादन का सही लागत जानना चाहती है। साथ ही साथ उद्योग को Subsidy, छूट व अनुदान देने के लिए उत्पादन लागत के सही आंकड़ों की जानकारी एवं आवश्यकता होती है। 

(v) प्रबंधकीय निर्णय के लिए:

लागत अंकेक्षण वस्तु /उत्पाद के सही/ उचित मूल्य निर्धारण में प्रबंध की सहायता करती है। 

(vi) कराधान के लिए:

कराधान के नियम के अनुसार, कर निर्धारण के लिए उत्पादन लागत के सही आंकड़ों का आवश्यकता होती है। विशेषकर अप्रत्यक्ष कर जैसे - उत्पाद शुल्क, सेवा कर इत्यादि।

7. लागत अंकेक्षण के संबंध में कानूनी नियम /वैधानिक नियम:

कंपनी (लागत अभिलेख एवं अंकेक्षण) नियम, 2014

केंद्र सरकार ने लागत लेखों के रखरखाव को नियंत्रण करने के लिए यह नियम पारित किया है। ऐसी सभी कंपनी (विदेशी कंपनी को शामिल कर) जो तालिका 'A' और तालिका 'B'  के अनुसार वस्तुओं का उत्पादन व सेवाएं प्रदान करते हैं तथा जिसको पहले वित्तीय वर्ष में ₹35,00,000 से अधिक का Turnover होगा। उसे लागत लेखों को रखना अनिवार्य होगा। 

ऐसी विदेशी कंपनी जिनका भारत में संपर्क कार्यालय है और वह तालिका 'B' में सूचीबद्ध उपकरणों का उत्पादन, आयात, आपूर्ति या व्यापार करती है उन्हें इस प्रावधान से छूट दी गई है। 

सूक्ष्म, लघु और मध्यम उधम विकास अधिनियम, 2006 की धारा 7 (9) के टर्नओवर मापदंड के अनुसार सूक्ष्म, लघु उधम वाली कंपनियों को छूट दी गई है। वह कंपनी जो वस्तुओं और सेवाएं का निर्यात करती हैं और जिनका राजस्व उनके कुल विदेशी मुद्रा राजस्व के 75% से अधिक है या SEZ's में काम कर रही हैं, उन्हें भी छूट दी गई है।

वस्तुएं एवं सेवाएं जिनके उत्पादन पर लागत लेखा रखना आवश्यक होता है

तालिका 'A' में सूचीबद्ध नियंत्रित एवं तालिका 'B' में सूचीबद्ध गैर - नियंत्रित, निम्नलिखित वस्तुओं और सेवाओं के लिए लागत लेखा का रखरखाव आवश्यक है।

Table 'A' (Regulated Items)

(i). Telecommunication services

(ii) Generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity.

(iii) Petroleum products.

(iv) Drugs and Pharma.

(v) Fertilizers.

(vi) Sugar and Industrial Alcohol.

Table 'B' (Non-regulated Items)

(1). Machines and Mechanical appliances used in defence, Space and atomic energy sectors excluding ancillary items.

(2) Turbo Jets and Propellers.

(3) Arms and Ammunition.

(4) Propellant powder, Prepared explosive, Safety fuses, Detonating fuses, Ignitions, Electronic Detonators.

(5) Radar appliances, Radio navigational aid and remote control appliances (radio)

(6) Tanks &Armoured fighting vehicles, whether fixed with weapons, parts of them funded up to 90% or more by govt. or Govt. agencies.

(7) Specified port services

(8) Specified Aeronautical services

(9) Steel

(10) Roads & Other Infrastructure projects

(11) Rubber & Allied products

(12) Cement

(13) Basic metals

(14) Mineral, Fuels, Oils etc.

(15) Railway, Tramway, Locomotives, Rolling stock, Fixtures & Fittings, Traffic signalling system,

(16) Ores, Mineral products

(17) Inorganic chemicals, Organic & Inorganic compounds of precious metal, Metals of radioactive elements etc.

(18) Jute & Jute products

(19) Edible oils

(20) Construction Industry

(21) Health services, Hospitals, Diagnostic & Clinical Centre

(22) Education services, excluding Philanthropic & Non-profit services

(23) Production, Import & Supply or Trading of specified devices like Stents, Catheters, Lenses, Heart valves, Orthopaedic implants, Prosthetic implants, Brain stimulators etc.

Other Non-regulated sectors:

(i). Coffee and Tea

(ii) Milk Powder

(iii) Insecticides

(iv) Plastics

(v) Tyres and tubes

(vi) Papers

(vii) Textiles

(viii) Glasses

(ix) Other machinery

(x) Electric or Electronic machinery

Maintenance of Cost accounts and Audit:

 

Table A

Table B

Maintenance of cost accounting records

If aggregate turnover of goods and services by the company is ₹ 35 crore or more

If aggregate turnover of goods and services produced by the company is ₹ 35 crore or more

Cost audit

If aggregate turnover of goods and services produced by the company in the immediately preceding year is 50 crore or more

If aggregate turnover of goods and services produces by the company in the immediately preceding year is ₹100 crores or more

 

If the aggregate turnover of any individual product and /or services satisfies the requirement of maintenance of cost records ₹ 25 crore or more

If the aggregate turnover of any individual product and /or services satisfies the requirement of maintenance of cost records ₹ 35 crore or more

 

8. लागत अंकेक्षक की नियुक्ति:

(a) कौन लागत अंकेक्षक नियुक्त कर सकता है?

लागत अंकेक्षक, कंपनी के अंकेक्षण कमेटी द्वारा नियुक्ति की जाती है। अन्य दशा में बोर्ड ऑफ डायरेक्टर द्वारा किया जाता है। 

नियम, 2019 के अनुसार लागत अंकेक्षक का प्रैक्टिस में होना अनिवार्य नहीं है। नियुक्ति के लिए अंतिम अधिकार अंशधारकों के पास निहित होता है। जो कि अंकेक्षण समिति या बोर्ड ऑफ डायरेक्टर्स के निर्णय को पुष्टि करते हैं। 

कंपनी को लागत अंकेक्षण की नियुक्ति के लिए केंद्र सरकार की अनुमति की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है। 

(b) कार्यकाल (सेवा अवधि):

लागत लेखाकार वित्तीय वर्ष के समाप्ति से 180 दिन के अंदर तक या अपनी रिपोर्ट प्रस्तुत करने तक पद पर बना रहेगा। 

किसी भी आकस्मिक स्थिति  जैसे पंजीकरण, निष्कासन या मृत्यु के कारण हो, तो बोर्ड ऑफ डायरेक्टर्स के द्वारा 30 दिनों के भीतर रिक्त पद भरा जाएगा। जिसकी सूचना कंपनी द्वारा केंद्र सरकार को 30 दिनों के अंदर दी जाएगी। 

(c) नियुक्ति से छूट:

एमएसएमई के अंतर्गत आने वाले सभी कंपनी में लागत अंकेक्षक की नियुक्ति आवश्यक नहीं होती है। 

कंपनी का निर्यात राजस्व, कुल  राजस्व का 50% से अधिक से अधिक हो। 

SEZ's कार्य में शामिल कंपनियां

9. लागत अंकेक्षक की शक्तियां एवं कर्तव्य:

धारा 139 के अंतर्गत लागत अंकेक्षक की शक्तियां एवं कर्तव्य वैधानिक अंकेक्षक के समान होती है।

लागत लेखाकार BOD को अपना रिपोर्ट प्रस्तुत करता है तथा BOD, 30 दिनों के अंदर केंद्र सरकार को प्रस्तुत करना होता है। जिसमें प्रतियोगिता का स्पष्टीकरण दर्ज रहता है।

10. लागत अंकेक्षक का दायित्व:

मुख्य दायित्व - लागत अधिनियम, 2013 के अंतर्गत निर्धारित लागत लेखाकार के कार्य का निष्पादनकरना है।

11. लागत अंकेक्षक का अतिरिक्त दायित्व:

(i) लागत अंकेक्षण रिपोर्ट को CLB (Company Law Board) को जमा करना ।

(ii) लागत अंकेक्षण से संबंधित रिपोर्ट वित्तीय वर्ष की समाप्ति के 120 दिन के अंदर प्रस्तुत करना। 

(iii) पेशेवर दुराचार के लिए, ICWAI उनकी सदस्यता समाप्त कर सकती है या 4 वर्ष से अधिक वर्ष की अवधि के लिए उनका नाम रजिस्टर से हटा सकती है।

Accounting Conventions: Meaning, Main Accounting Conventions

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